Quell'ingiusta burocrazia dei sentimenti

Da: www.ilsole24ore.com

di Michele Ainis

I numeri sono importanti, perché trasformano le impressioni in fatti. Quelli del Sole 24 Ore dimostrano che la realtà può ben essere peggiore di come ce la raffiguriamo. La prova dei numeri s'applica in questo caso al microcosmo degli affetti, o per meglio dire dei sentimenti infranti. E in conclusione racconta una storia di fatiche giudiziarie, di diseguaglianze, di diritti negati. Perché c'è anche una burocrazia dei sentimenti, non meno inetta delle altre burocrazie che ci tengono in ostaggio. Ma la sua inefficienza colpisce dove fa più male, dove c'è già una ferita aperta dal matrimonio che è fallito. E colpisce doppiamente i più deboli, economicamente e socialmente. Per loro, soprattutto per loro, i diritti restano di carta, esistono soltanto sulla carta.

Eccola infatti la cifra unificantedi quest'inchiesta in cifre su separazioni e divorzi: in Italia s'apre un abisso fra il cielo delle Gazzette ufficiali e l'inferno dei rapporti quotidiani. Tuttavia i diritti vivono nella prassi, non nelle dichiarazioni normative. Altrimenti muore con loro l'autorità della legge, che nessuno prenderà più troppo sul serio. E infatti la crisi di legalità del nostro Paese ha qui le sue radici.
In secondo luogo i diritti sono di tutti, perché in caso contrario diventano altrettanti privilegi.
L'universalità dei diritti ne costituisce l'attributo più prezioso, insieme all'effettività. E invece vengono negate entrambe, come per l'appunto testimoniano i numeri del Sole 24 Ore. Più in particolare, questa testimonianza illumina almeno tre profili.

Primo: si sfascia un matrimonio su 3, però le separazioni superano i divorzi di gran lunga. Per quale ragione? Perché sottoporsi a un secondo giro d'avvocati è un lusso che non tutti possono permettersi.D'altronde è un lusso anche la separazione in sé: proprio il Sole, qualche anno fa (17 marzo 2003), calcolava che si spendono non meno di 8mila euro per andare in tribunale, senza contare il raddoppio dell'affitto, delle bollette, delle spese domestiche. Da qui l'aumento dei separati in casa, tanto che nel 2000 (sentenza n. 3323) la Cassazione ha dovuto arrendersi al fenomeno, estendendo a tali coppie lo status di quelle legalmente separate. Una cosa però potremmo farla: sbarazzarci di questo doppiogrado di giudizio per sciogliere il vincolo matrimoniale, quantomeno se i coniugi si dichiarano d'accordo.

Secondo:l'importo degli assegni di mantenimento balla da una regione all'altra,tanto che in Lombardia misura oltre il doppio del Molise. Insomma non c'è una sola Italia bensì almeno due, divise da un muro invisibile. Lo sapevamo già, così come sappiamo che in Valle d'Aosta il reddito medio supera i 18 mila euro, in Basilicata non arriva a 11 mila. Ma in questo caso dev'esserci dell'altro, altrimenti non si spiega perché mai nella stessa Valle d'Aosta gli assegni per il coniuge e per i figli minori siano decisamente più bassi rispetto al Lazio o alla Campania, dove girano assai meno quattrini. Giudici più avari? Più sensibili alla sorte dei mariti? O non c'è invece nel sistema un elemento imprevedibile e arbitrario, un eccesso di discrezionalità che puòtrasformare ogni divorzio in una giocata ai dadi? Nel 2003 l'Associazione nazionale magistrati diffuse a propria volta una ricerca: per accertare la capacità patrimoniale del coniuge tenuto al versamento dell'assegno, il 48% dei tribunali si limita ad acquisire la dichiarazione dei redditi, ma il 93% se ne discosta allegramente.

Terzo: la lotteria dei tempi. Tempi biblici, tanto per cambiare; soprattutto se hai avuto la disgrazia di nascere al Sud. Il mese scorso, durante l'inaugurazione dell'anno giudiziario,il presidente Carbone ha raccontato che a Messina servono 900 giorni per una causa di divorzio, 972 giorni a Bari. Viceversa al Nord la media è di 571 giorni: un po' meglio, ma certamente senza la velocità degli Emirati Arabi, dove per rompere le nozze basta un Sms. E oltretutto i nostri tempi giudiziari s'allungano di anno in anno, come documenta il Sole: 617 giorni per una separazione giudiziale nel 2002, 739 giorni nel 2008. L'incapacità di somministrare in tempi ragionevoli i torti e le ragioni infligge un «danno alla qualità della vita», osserva Marcella Fortino in un bel libro appena pubblicato (I danni ingiusti alla persona, Cedam 2009); ma almeno sul fronte dei matrimoni in crisi, una via di fuga ci sarebbe. Quale? Il divorzio breve, l'abbassamento da tre a un anno del periodo di separazione prima di sciogliere il matrimonio.
Insomma il divorzio resta un diritto che gli italiani devono ancora conquistarsi, quarant'anni dopo la legge che lo aveva battezzato. Servono correttivi normativi, serve rompere l'ipocrisia che ne ostacola la concreta applicazione, in questo caso come nel caso della fecondazione assistita, della pillola abortiva RU486 e via elencando: permesse dalla legge formale, ma non dalla sostanziale.

Ma se non altro l'esperienza italiana conferma il rilievo di Oscar Wilde: «Il Libro della Vita inizia con l'immagine di un uomo e una donna in un giardino. Termina con l'Apocalisse».

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